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Desu, Imasu, Arimasu - Expressing 'to be'

In this article you will learn about the words arimasu, imasu and desu; three ways of saying "is" and "are" in Japanese.

The meaning "is" or "are" may be expressed by the word desu, and by the verbs arimasu and imasu.

  • Desu - is used when one thing is, or equals, another
  • Arimasu - refers to the existence of inanimate objects (including plants, which don't move about)
  • Imasu - refers to the existence of animate objects.

The following table showing when to use the different words:

Animate Inanimate
woman dog bag
です (desu) 女の人 です。
onna no hito desu.
(It) is (a) woman.
犬です。
inu desu.
(It) is (a) dog.
かばん です。
kaban desu.
(It) is (a) bag.
あります (arimasu) --- --- かばん が あります。
kaban ga arimasu.
There is (a) bag.
います (imasu) 女の人 が います。
onna no hito ga imasu.
There is (a) woman.
犬がいます。
inu ga imasu.
There is (a) dog.
---

Desu and Da

The word です (desu), and its plain form だ (da), express the equivalent of the English words "is" and "are", but is always placed in the end of a clause. In grammatical terms, desu/da is a special type of construct called copula, but for a beginner, you can begin thinking of it as an ordinary verb.

Desu can be used for any type of things; people, animals, things or concepts. It is used when introducing something, saying one thing is the same as another, or when describing someone or something with an adjective.

The polite version, "desu", can be used in most situations, but often feel too formal when talking to family and close friends. Then the plain form "da" is more commonly used. Please note that usage plain forms in Japanese can be considered rude if you are not close.

ここは横浜駅です。
Koko wa Yokahama eki desu.
This is Yokahama station. (polite)

ここは横浜駅だ。
Koko wa Yokahama eki da.
This is Yokahama station. (plain / casual form)
彼は私の先生です。
Kare wa watashi no sensei desu.
He is my teacher.
私はアメリカ人です。
Watashi wa amerikajin desu.
I am an American.
猫は黒いです。
Neko wa kuroi desu.
The cat is black.

The negative of desu is dewa arimasen or ja arimasen or dewa nai desu or ja nai desu. When describing the location of something, ni arimasu can often be replaced by desu.

アメリカ人 では ありません。イギリス人 です。
Amerikajin dewa arimasen. Igirisujin desu.
I'm not American. I'm English.

アメリカ人 じゃ ありません。イギリス人 です。
Amerikajin ja arimasen. Igirisujin desu.
I'm not American. I'm English.

アメリカ人 では ない。イギリス人 だ。
Amerikajin dewa nai. Igirisujin da.
I'm not American. I'm English.

Arimasu and aru

Arimasu indicates the existence of a thing. It cannot be used for people and animals. The plain form of arimasu is aru.

喫茶店 は 銀行 と 郵便局 の 間 に あります。
Kissaten wa ginkou to Yuubinkyoku no aida ni arimasu.
The coffee shop is between the bank and the post office.

銀行 は どこ に ありますか。
Ginkou wa doko ni arimasu ka.
Where's the bank?

The polite negative form is ありません (arimasen), and the plain negative form is ない  (nai).

三円 も ありません。
(watashi wa) San en mo arimasen.
(I don't) even have 3 yen.

三円 も ない。
(watashi wa) San en mo nai.
(I don't) even have 3 yen.

Imasu and iru

Imasu indicates the existence of a person or animal. The plain form of imasu is iru.
渡辺さん は どこ に いますか。
Watanabe san wa doko ni imasu ka.
Where's Mr. Watanabe?

The polite negative form is いません (imasen), and the plain negative form is いない  (inai).

誰もいません。
Daremo imasen.
There is no one (here). (polite)

誰も いない。
Daremo inai.
There is no one (here). (plain/casual)

Congjugation Pattern

Here is a table summarizing the words da, iru and aru:

Plain
Plain
Negative

Polite Polite Negative
da
ja nai
dewa nai
desu ja arimasen
dewa arimasen
iru
inai imasu
imasen
aru
nai
arimasu
arimasen

Keigo - Honorific and Humble Forms

In situations demanding a high degree of courtesy, e.g. if a sales person in a department store is talking to a customer, the sales person is likely to use the formal and humble gozaimasu instead of arimasu and irasshaimasu instead of iru.

お客: このホテルには、ファックスがありますか。
ホテルの人: はい、ございます。
okyaku: Kono hoteru ni wa, fakkusu ga arimasu ka?
hoteru no hito: Hai, gozaimasu.
Guest: Do you have a fax in this hotel?
Hotel staff: Yes, we do
お客: すみません、このセーターはいくらですか。
店の人: それは9000円でございます。
okyaku: Sumimasen, kono seetaa wa ikura desu ka.
mise no hito: Sore wa kyuu-sen en de gozaimasu.
Customer: Excuse me, how much is this sweater?
Shop staff: It's 9,000 yen.

もしもし、田中さんはいらっしゃいますか。
Moshi, moshi. Tanaka san wa irasshaimasu ka.
Hello. Is Mr. Tanaka there?


This page is a based on a modified version of "Some Notes on Japanese Grammar" published for your personal use, with the kind permission of Keith Smillie (http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~smillie/)

 

Comments (15)
iru and aru
15 Friday, 01 January 2010 03:21
tony
iru and aru refer to existence, especially existence in a specific location. So the following sentences use iru and aru, respectively:

There is a cat on the table. (iru/imasu)
There is a book on the table. (aru/arimasu)

desu is used to say that something has an attribute, or that two things are the name for the same thing. So desu would be used for the following sentences:

The cat is white.
The doctor's husband is my brother.
My sister is a lawyer.

That's not a complete answer to the question, but I hope it helps.
Am I ver thinking?
14 Friday, 01 January 2010 02:29
Misaki
:shock: ok at 1st I understood but now that I think about the aru and iru, I get a little confused can someone tell me does iru and aru mean to be in the same way desu does?
thanks for pointing out the typos
13 Thursday, 29 October 2009 10:30
tony
These were clearly copy-and-paste errors. I hate to think about how many people may have been confused by them. :cry: Thanks.
Mistake on a page
12 Thursday, 29 October 2009 05:15
kvj
Topic title: "Arimasu and aru", sentence "The polite negative form is いません (imasen), and the plain negative form is いない (inai)." Should be arimasen, at least, how is the plain negative form on arimasu, I don't know :)
Oh
11 Friday, 07 August 2009 10:14
gazebi
Thank you tony-san i get it now ;D
yes, there is a difference
10 Tuesday, 04 August 2009 13:59
tony
You might say "kore wa enpitsu desu" when pointing to a pencil, or in answer to a question as to whether it was a pencil or a pen. You might say "enpitsu ga arimasu" if someone asked you "is there anything to write with?". Think about the difference between "This is a pencil" and "There is (exists) a pencil" in English; it is pretty much the same.

The most common word for box that I know is "hako". "Is there a pencil in the box?" would be "Hako ni enpitsu ga arimasu ka?"-- "hako ni" = "in (the) box". You might say "kono/sono hako ni..." if you were pointing to a box, and there were other boxes around as well.
arimasu..
9 Tuesday, 04 August 2009 11:51
gazebi
hmm, if you were to say
kore wa enpitsu desu.
This is a pencil

and
enpitsu ga arimasu.
There is a pencil

(I hope i did it right)

Is there a difference? Would you say 'there is a pencil' if you were further away from the pencil, and 'this is a pencil' if you were closer? If so..
could you use
'are wa enpitsu desu' ??
Maybe im getting confused.. could it be a response to a question like
'enpitsu ni sono kou ga arimasu ka?'
'enpitsu ga arimasu'

(What i tried to say is 'Is there a pencil in that box?' But i don't know if i said it right so can someone correct it please? Thank you ^_^)

I don't know. I'm confusing myself now D;
Yay!
8 Wednesday, 15 July 2009 18:15
Solace
Now I know and remember!
Ki ga arimasu
(There is a tree)
Ki desu
((It) is (a) tree)

Tori ga imasu
(There is a bird)
Tori desu
((It) is (a) bird)

Tori dewa nai. Usagi da.
(It is not a bird. It is a rabbit)(Plain/casual)
Tori dewa arimasen. Usagi desu
(It is not a bird. It is a rabbit) (Polite)

Abou ga imasu(or iru)
(There is a tree frog)
Abou desu
(It is a tree frog)

Abou dewa nai. Tori da.
(It is not a tree frog. It is a bird)(Plain/casual)
Abou dewa arimasen. Tori desu.
(It is not a tree frog. It is a bird)(Polite)

Kore wa maru to deshou ka.
(Is this right? I'm trying to say 'I wonder if this is right')
atashi no chi wa daremo ga ako imasen.
(Is this right? I'm trying to say 'There is no-one there, in my house')
i finally get it
7 Wednesday, 15 July 2009 12:31
ninna_delantar
:) :) :)
yokata!!!!
i finally know the difference between iru and aru.kedo i still have a lot to learn, ne?
Awesome!
6 Monday, 08 June 2009 22:47
Verity_phoenix
This is great reference material! I always have trouble with this part! Thanks! :mrgreen:
hmm?
5 Wednesday, 13 May 2009 07:25
pshycoh
getting confused, a bit.. :?
Becareful about "tree"..!
4 Wednesday, 04 March 2009 07:41
jpankaj
In japanese Tree (ki) is considered to be non living thing. So it will always take arimas.
eg. ki ga arimasu.

This is opposite to indian languages where trees are also considered as living beings.
levels of politeness
3 Friday, 20 February 2009 02:18
tony
The appropriate level of politeness is usually determined by who is speaking and who is being spoken to. When speaking to someone you don't know well, it is always safest to use the "normal polite" level-- the level that includes desu, and verb endings like masu, masen, mashita, mashou.
Do you...?
2 Friday, 20 February 2009 01:41
Nott
Do you sue polite form only when speaking to someone that requires it? Or can it also be if your speaking about someone who also does?
Like me talking to a parent, or ABOUT a parent?
understood
1 Wednesday, 28 January 2009 00:10
Alynne07
just a bit though.........
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